Coronavirus XBB.1.5 as an Indicator of the Long-Term Continuation of the Covid-19 pandemic. What Next for Vaccination?

The article discusses the properties of pandemic strain XBB.1.5 S protein in comparison with 1918 and 2009 strains hemagglutinin H1. S-protein already contains more than 40 mutations realized by substituting different amino acids through single dinucleotide substitutions, deletions use predominantly transversions. variability H1N1 influenza virus is associated nucleotide substitutions at a constant length. Conditional extrapolation data on coronavirus sizes suggests that new will emerge next 2-3 years, avoiding immune defense formed vaccination against preceding them. inability to create adaptive system long-term immunity coronaviruses, as well other respiratory viruses short incubation cycle, puts agenda need find vaccine designs provide combination trained immunity. problem search for such vaccines regulation activity innate ensuring stability